Actions

Difference between revisions of "System 2"

From Deliberative Democracy Institiute Wiki
 
(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
System 1 or Effortful System is the system dealing with complex thinking. It can follow rules, compare objects on several attributes, and make deliberate choices between options<ref>Khanman D., 2011, Thinking fast, Thinking slow p. 36</ref>.
+
System 2 or Effortful System or "logical decisions", is the system dealing with complex thinking. It can follow rules, compare objects on several attributes, and make deliberate choices between options<ref>Khanman D., 2011, Thinking fast, Thinking slow p. 36</ref>.
  
−
It is part of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_process_theory two systems of decision making], the first is the automatic-system([[System 1|system 1]]) which decide fast by intuition and the second is the ECS which produce reasoning.The term system 1 and system 2 was given by Stanovich and West<ref>Stanovich KE, West RF., Individual differences in reasoning: implications for the rationality debate? Behav Brain Sci. 2000 Oct;23(5):645-65; discussion 665-726.</ref>
+
It is part of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_process_theory two systems of decision making], the first is the automatic-system([[System 1|system 1]]) which decide fast by intuition and the second is the ECS which produce reasoning.The term system 1 and system 2 was given by Stanovich and West<ref>Stanovich KE, West RF., Individual differences in reasoning: implications for the rationality debate? Behav Brain Sci. 2000 Oct;23(5):645-65; discussion 665-726.</ref>.
 +
 
 +
People tend to use system 2 for material purchases, while using system 1 for experiential purchasing<ref>[http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/v43/acr_vol43_1019280.pdf Gallo, Iñigo, et al. "The Heart and the Head: On Choosing Experiences Intuitively and Possessions Deliberatively." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making (2016).]‏</ref>.
  
 
It seems to be activated by conflict detection in the [[ACC]].
 
It seems to be activated by conflict detection in the [[ACC]].
Line 7: Line 9:
 
It seems to be reinforeced by rewords<ref>[http://bernhard-hommel.eu/Van%20Steenbergen%20et%20al.%20(2012).%20Reward%20valence%20modulates%20conflict-driven%20attentional%20adaptation.pdf Henk van Steenbergen, Guido P.H. Band & Bernhard Hommel, Reward valence modulates conflict-driven attentional adaptation: Electrophysiological evidence, Biological Psychology 90 (2012) 234–241]</ref><ref>Senne Braem, Tom Verguts, Chantal Roggeman, Wim Notebaert, Reward modulates adaptations to conflict, Cognition (August 2012), doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.07.015</ref>
 
It seems to be reinforeced by rewords<ref>[http://bernhard-hommel.eu/Van%20Steenbergen%20et%20al.%20(2012).%20Reward%20valence%20modulates%20conflict-driven%20attentional%20adaptation.pdf Henk van Steenbergen, Guido P.H. Band & Bernhard Hommel, Reward valence modulates conflict-driven attentional adaptation: Electrophysiological evidence, Biological Psychology 90 (2012) 234–241]</ref><ref>Senne Braem, Tom Verguts, Chantal Roggeman, Wim Notebaert, Reward modulates adaptations to conflict, Cognition (August 2012), doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.07.015</ref>
  
−
Rolls et al. describe the areas in which explicit (? [[system 2]]) and implicit (? [[system 1]]) decision making is done<ref>[http://www.oxcns.org/papers/495_Grabenhorst%20and%20Rolls%202011%20Value,%20pleasure,%20and%20choice%20in%20the%20ventral%20prefrontal%20cortex%20TICS.pdf  Value, pleasure and choice in the ventral prefrontal cortex. Fabian Grabenhorst, Edmund T Rolls (2011) Trends in cognitive sciences 15 (2) p. 56-67]([http://www.talyaron.com/wiki/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8:_Value,_pleasure_and_choice_in_the_ventral_prefrontal_cortex_-_2011 summery])</ref>. System-1 is handeld by the basal ganglia, and system-2 is handeld by the PFC<ref>Rolls, E.T. and Grabenhorst, F. (2008) The orbitofrontal cortex and beyond: from affect to decision-making. Prog. Neurobiol. 86, 216–244</ref><ref>Rolls, E.T. (2005) Emotion Explained, Oxford University Press</ref><ref>Balleine, B.W. and O’Doherty, J.P. (2010) Human and rodent homologies in action control: corticostriatal determinants of goaldirected and habitual action. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 48–69</ref>.  
+
Rolls et al. describe the areas in which explicit (? [[system 2]]) and implicit (? [[system 1]]) decision making is done<ref>[http://www.oxcns.org/papers/495_Grabenhorst%20and%20Rolls%202011%20Value,%20pleasure,%20and%20choice%20in%20the%20ventral%20prefrontal%20cortex%20TICS.pdf  Value, pleasure and choice in the ventral prefrontal cortex. Fabian Grabenhorst, Edmund T Rolls (2011) Trends in cognitive sciences 15 (2) p. 56-67]([http://www.talyaron.com/wiki/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8:_Value,_pleasure_and_choice_in_the_ventral_prefrontal_cortex_-_2011 summery])</ref>. System-1 is handeld by the [[basal gangli]]a, and system-2 is handeld by the PFC<ref>Rolls, E.T. and Grabenhorst, F. (2008) The orbitofrontal cortex and beyond: from affect to decision-making. Prog. Neurobiol. 86, 216–244</ref><ref>Rolls, E.T. (2005) Emotion Explained, Oxford University Press</ref><ref>Balleine, B.W. and O’Doherty, J.P. (2010) Human and rodent homologies in action control: corticostriatal determinants of goaldirected and habitual action. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 48–69</ref>.  
  
 
System 2 may seems to be activated by Reward Prediction Error [[RPE]].
 
System 2 may seems to be activated by Reward Prediction Error [[RPE]].

Latest revision as of 02:30, 3 March 2017

System 2 or Effortful System or "logical decisions", is the system dealing with complex thinking. It can follow rules, compare objects on several attributes, and make deliberate choices between options[1].

It is part of two systems of decision making, the first is the automatic-system(system 1) which decide fast by intuition and the second is the ECS which produce reasoning.The term system 1 and system 2 was given by Stanovich and West[2].

People tend to use system 2 for material purchases, while using system 1 for experiential purchasing[3].

It seems to be activated by conflict detection in the ACC.

It seems to be reinforeced by rewords[4][5]

Rolls et al. describe the areas in which explicit (? system 2) and implicit (? system 1) decision making is done[6]. System-1 is handeld by the basal ganglia, and system-2 is handeld by the PFC[7][8][9].

System 2 may seems to be activated by Reward Prediction Error RPE.

System 2 can have more influence on self conventions (The elephant) if you delay response to stimulus[10][11].

System 2 and LibCon

It seems that open-mindedness according to Cognitive Reflection Test is not correlated with conservatism[12].

References

  1. ↑ Khanman D., 2011, Thinking fast, Thinking slow p. 36
  2. ↑ Stanovich KE, West RF., Individual differences in reasoning: implications for the rationality debate? Behav Brain Sci. 2000 Oct;23(5):645-65; discussion 665-726.
  3. ↑ Gallo, Iñigo, et al. "The Heart and the Head: On Choosing Experiences Intuitively and Possessions Deliberatively." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making (2016).‏
  4. ↑ Henk van Steenbergen, Guido P.H. Band & Bernhard Hommel, Reward valence modulates conflict-driven attentional adaptation: Electrophysiological evidence, Biological Psychology 90 (2012) 234–241
  5. ↑ Senne Braem, Tom Verguts, Chantal Roggeman, Wim Notebaert, Reward modulates adaptations to conflict, Cognition (August 2012), doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.07.015
  6. ↑ Value, pleasure and choice in the ventral prefrontal cortex. Fabian Grabenhorst, Edmund T Rolls (2011) Trends in cognitive sciences 15 (2) p. 56-67(summery)
  7. ↑ Rolls, E.T. and Grabenhorst, F. (2008) The orbitofrontal cortex and beyond: from affect to decision-making. Prog. Neurobiol. 86, 216–244
  8. ↑ Rolls, E.T. (2005) Emotion Explained, Oxford University Press
  9. ↑ Balleine, B.W. and O’Doherty, J.P. (2010) Human and rodent homologies in action control: corticostriatal determinants of goaldirected and habitual action. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 48–69
  10. ↑ Paxton, J.M., Ungar, L., Greene, J.D., (2011 ePub). Reflection and reasoning in moral judgment. Cognitive Science
  11. ↑ haidt, 2012, the ritious mind, p. 81
  12. ↑ Dan Kahan (2013), Motivated system 2 reasoning--experimental evidence & its significance for explaining political polarization - review
Retrieved from "http://www.delib.org/wiki/index.php?title=System_2&oldid=3662"